Among significant questions in the realm of Quranic discussions is eloquence of the Quran which can be treated as a matter of consensus in the opinion of Islamic scholars and commentators. In the present essay, Allama Tabatabaee's eloquent viewpoints in some Quranic verses in Al-mizan are surveyed and analyzed.      

Metaphor and art of imagery is one of the most effective artistic tools that have long been considered by poets and orators. In the poem of Ashura in which the poet faithfully describes and analyzes the uprising of Ashura, the imaginative language of metaphor exes his passionate love and feeling for Imam Hussein (PBUH) and Prophet Mohammad’s Household in the most beautiful images. The ritual poet expresses a subject through poetic imagery in various ways. Repeating a concept with a different artistic language, and more imaginatively, will attract the audience to understand the subject and enjoy it, especially when the subject is related to belief and is bound to the beliefs of the individual. The gist of the content in this article is to answer these questions: 1- what metaphorical images have poets used to address the most important educational teachings? 2- How and to what extent are these images consistent with the message and the content of the work? 3- Is there innovation in the metaphorical images?…

It has been about four decades since George Lakoff and Mark Johnson brought up the notion of conceptual metaphor in their book Metaphors We Live By (1980). Since then, this theory has found numerous followers and accordingly it has been applied to Persian linguistic and literary researches as well. This essay contends that these two thinkers were not in fact the originator of conceptual metaphor and that, as Richards says, the theorization of this type of metaphor goes back to the olden times. The article attempts to compare literary and conceptual metaphor through the thoughts of Islamic and western masters of eloquence and the definitions of literary and conceptual metaphor that they have given in order to highlight the point that the definition of these two kinds of metaphor should be distinctly recognized and the consideration of one should not result in the overlooking of the other. Considering these two types as the same, undermines their value and independence and may even force the mind to choose one and ignore the other-there are cases in which this has happened or at least some writers have intended to do so. On the one hand George Lakoff’ s insistence on rejecting traditional definitions of metaphors in his essay titled “ The Contemporary Theory of Metaphor” (1993) and on the other hand the enthusiastic acclamation of conceptual metaphor in recent years are some of the reasons for doing this study. In this article, however, neither of these two notions are denied and efforts are made to consolidate the status of both of them. So the outcomes of conceptual metaphor in both language and literature are illustrated and it is argued that this new type of metaphor does not cause limitation to literary metaphor, but can be an appropriate element in linguistic and literary studies.

Due to the development of smart devices, the ability of computers to understand human language has become a key issue in technology. By learning and analyzing machine-readable, annotated linguistic data, computers are able to comprehend human language (corpus). Corpora plays a crucial role in helping computers comprehend human language. Metaphor is one of the most complicated linguistic data that computers cannot comprehend. Despite the prevalence of metaphor in everyday language use and the importance of identifying it, no corpus has been published for Persian yet. Compiling a corpus of Persian metaphors is the initial step in learning metaphors for computers. To compile a corpus of Persian metaphors, it is necessary to meet two main criteria. Deciding the best definition is the first prerequisite. The best definition is both comprehensive and applicable, comprehensive in the sense that it covers a significant proportion of metaphorical instances, and applicable in the sense that it could be used to build a corpus. The second requirement is the construction of a method for metaphor identification. Without a straightforward data annotation method, it is impossible to identify metaphors.

The objective of the present paper is to detennine the factor(s) involved in the death of metaphor, or better said, .lexicalization of metaphorical concepts.To achieve the objective, attempts have been made to provide the readers with definitions proposed by scholars. Furthennore, the writer describes the manner in which metaphor is fonned, drawing a distinction between "dead" and "live" metaphors, showing how a live metaphor turns into a lexical polysemy entering dictionaries.

Since metaphors occur in language, it is an appropriate tool to identify ideology with. The choice of different metaphors in a text by language users would reveal its dominant ideology. Contrary to this, different ideologies may produce different metaphors to support their basic beliefs. Taking conceptual metaphor theory and Teun van Dijk’s theory of ideology as the basic definitions in this paper, the functions of metaphor in an ideological system and also the role of metaphor in different social contexts are being studied.

In this paper, after some preliminary and historical remarks on the concept of metaphor, two recent philosophical analyses of metaphor (the interactive view and the causal view) will be introduced and critically analyzed. Then different functions of metaphor in relation to science will be discussed. The first function is to describe different aspects of scientific inquiry. The second function is to facilitate science education. The third function is to provide clues for scientific discoveries or to suggest ways of developing current theories. It will be argued that neither the interactive nor the causal view can explain this function of metaphor alone. A hybrid view is required to do this job. Finally, we will consider the suggestion that any model in science is a metaphor, and therefore doing science is a metaphorical activity in principle. It will be pointed out that this radical view does not hold for (at least) some scientific models.

The present paper discusses implicit memory (compared to explicit memory) as a new phenomenon in memory research. First, ideas about implicit memory are considered very briefly from historical point of view. Then, as in recent studies, two lines of research are discussed; i.e., subliminal stimuli and repetition priming studies. These studies, especially priming studies, show that explicit memory are affected differently by various variables. While explicit memory tests are affected by the levels-of-processing and the interval between encoding and retrieval stages (forgetting effect), implicit memory tests are not affected. On the other hand, while implicit memory tests are sensitive to modality and mood changes, manipulated both at encoding and at retrieval, memory tests are unaffected. The findings related to amnesic patients are impaired with respect to explicit memory and are intact with respect to implicit memory.There are two theoretical explanations for this double dissociation between explicit and implicit memory. The processing view suggests that there is a single and integrated memory system and the discrepancy between explicit and implicit memory are explained the different natures of relation between encoding and retrieval processes or procedures. The multiple memory systems view, which is more promising and supported by empirical evidence, claims that each of these two types of memory is supported by an independent and separate system(s). Although these systems interact with each other, they follow different rules, however.

Since a long time ago, allegory has been discussed as a significant issue in philosophical and literary domains. And as a matter of fact, scholars, thinkers and literary men have studied it since the golden days of the Greek civilization. Nowadays as a result of the growth and development of linguistics, metaphor has seen a particular attention as a mental-lingual process by the linguists; that is especially the cognitive linguists. According to linguists, metaphor is a device for reflection, comprehension and recognition of abstract concepts. In this article the author introduces the modern views in this scope with emphasize on the opinions of cognitive linguists; especially George Likav, and further on introduces metaphor in Gheysar Aminpour's poetry in his last book of poetry entitled "The Grammar of Love". While Licav emphasizes on the contemporary theories, he uses metaphor in a different concept; in other words mapping between the realms in a conceptual system.